Abstract Microbial conversion for the synthesis of high added-value compounds, such as biosurfactants and lipases, is one of the most promising fields within the biotechnology industry, given its current development. In this study the simultaneous production of biosurfactants and lipases by Aspergillus niger in a submerged bioprocess was analyzed. Full Factorial Design (23) was conducted to assess the influence of the malt extract (g·L-1; 25, 50, 75) and soybean oil concentrations (% v/v; 0.0, 1.25, 2.5) and agitation rates (rpm; 0.0, 100, 200) on biosurfactant and lipase production. Higher levels of the factors favored microbial growth, while their lower levels favored the production of biosurfactants and lipases. The variables were optimized through the response surface methodology and desirability functions, obtaining simultaneous maximized values of 0.48 g·L-1 (biomass); 42.03% (EAw/o);2.17 UE (EAw/o) and 3.28 U (LA). This indicates the possibility of combined biosurfactant and lipase production.

Abstract This work aimed to develop biodegradable films utilizing a new source of gelatin derived from the nutraceutical capsule manufacture waste of coconut with safflower oil, coconut oil and safflower oil. The mechanical, physicochemical, barrier, optical, biodegradation, thermal and morphological properties were evaluated. All films showed low water vapor permeability, intermediate water solubility and high elongation at break. In addition, the films exhibited excellent barrier ability to ultraviolet light. After 15 days of soil burial degradation, the films lost over 68% of initial weight. Scanning electron microscopy showed an appearance free of pores, cracks or bubbles. Furthermore the films showed similar characteristics independent of the waste utilized. The results demonstrated that all the biodegradable films prepared presented appropriate characteristics to be used as substitute to synthetic packaging.

ABSTRACT Filamentous fungi can easily degrade agro-industrial wastes in solid-state fermentation processes, synthesizing many important commercial biocompounds, such as lipolytic enzymes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the composition of the solid culture medium on the production of lipolytic enzymes by the fungus Aspergillus niger. Rice, wheat and soybean bran were mixed to prepare the culture medium, which was supplemented with glucose, glycerol or soybean oil. Four mixture experimental designs were used to find the best medium for enzyme production. According to our results, the highest lipolytic activity values were achieved with a mixture of rice bran and glycerol (19.844 U·g-1) or with rice bran only (13.267 U·g-1). Thus, the lipolytic enzyme could be produced without any additional carbon source apart from rice bran, although glycerol addition induced a higher production.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Medidas de mortalidade são tradicionalmente usadas como indicadores de saúde e são úteis na descrição da situação de saúde de uma população relatando lesões que levam à morte. O objetivo foi analisar a tendência temporal da mortalidade proporcional por causas mal definidas (CMD) em idosos no Brasil entre 1979 e 2013. DESENHO E LOCAL: Estudo ecológico utilizando dados do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde no Brasil. MÉTODOS: A mortalidade proporcional por CMD em idosos foi calculada para cada ano da série estudada (1979 a 2013) no Brasil, e os dados foram desagregados por sexo e de acordo com as cinco regiões geográficas e estados. Foi empregado o coeficiente de regressão linear simples para analisar a tendência temporal. RESULTADOS: Durante o período de estudo, houve 2.646.194 mortes por CMD em idosos, com uma tendência decrescente (ß -0,545; intervalo de confiança, IC: -0,616 a -0,475; P < 0,000) em homens e mulheres. Essa redução também foi observada nas macrorregiões e estados, com exceção do Amapá. Os estados da região Nordeste registraram uma redução média de 80%. CONCLUSÕES: A mortalidade por causas mal definidas em idosos tem diminuído continuamente desde 1985 em ritmos distintos entre as regiões e estados. As ações destinadas a melhorar os registros de dados em certificados de óbito devem ser fortalecidas para dar continuidade na tendência observada.

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Mortality measurements are traditionally used as health indicators and are useful in describing a population's health situation through reporting injuries that lead to death. The aim here was to analyze the temporal trend of proportional mortality from ill-defined causes (IDCs) among the elderly in Brazil from 1979 to 2013. DESIGN AND SETTING: Ecological study using data from the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. METHODS: The proportional mortality from IDCs among the elderly was calculated for each year of the study series (1979 to 2013) in Brazil, and the data were disaggregated according to sex and to the five geographical regions and states. To analyze time trends, simple linear regression coefficients were calculated. RESULTS: During the study period, there were 2,646,194 deaths from IDCs among the elderly, with a decreasing trend (ß -0.545; confidence interval, CI: -0.616 to -0.475; P < 0.000) for both males and females. This reduction was also observed in the macroregions and states, except for Amapá. The states in the northeastern region reported an average reduction of 80%. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality from IDCs among the elderly has decreased continuously since 1985, but at different rates among the different regions and states. Actions aimed at improving data records on death certificates need to be strengthened in order to continue the trend observed.

Abstract Biodegradable films blends made of safflower oil nutraceutical capsules waste corn starch (20:4, 30:4, 40:4 and 50:4) were prepared. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of addition of different concentrations of safflower oil nutraceutical capsule waste in the mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus) and thickness of corn starch films. A decrease in tensile strength and Young’s modulus and an increase in elongation at break were observed with the increase in the content of the nutraceutical capsule waste. The results showed that the blends of safflower oil capsules waste-corn starch films demonstrated promising characteristics to form biodegradable films with different mechanical characteristics.

OBJETIVO: Neste estudo, buscou-se analisar a evolução dos óbitos por sintomas, sinais e afecções mal definidas (SSAMD) na região Nordeste do Brasil no período de 1979 a 2009. MÉTODOS: Trabalhou-se com dados secundários oriundos do SIM/Datasus/M.S. RESULTADOS: A proporção de óbitos por SSAMD no total de óbitos registrados nessa região evidenciou uma tendência decrescente (y = -1,3751x + 55,953 R² = 0,9035), reduzindo de 45,7% em 1979 para 8,1% em 2009, tanto nos homens (y = -1,3716x + 54,559 R² = 0,9197) como nas mulheres (y = -1,3828x + 57,932 R² = 0,8771). A proporção de óbitos por causas mal definidas segundo faixa etária evidencia uma tendência decrescente no período em todas as faixas. O grupo de infantis (<1 e de 1-4 anos) e idosos (pessoas de 60 anos e mais) foram os que registraram as mais altas proporções no período e também as mais altas taxas de redução temporal. Foi também decrescente a tendência da mortalidade proporcional nas capitais (y = -0,1118x + 9,4275 R² = 0,3087) e no interior (y = -1,7908x + 71,178 R² = 0,9151), apresentando curvas com padrões distintos. Nas capitais, as taxas foram mais baixas desde o início da série, independente da faixa etária; entretanto, é no interior que as taxas de redução foram mais altas, expressando-se com mais intensidade (7,1 vezes) nos adultos, indivíduos de 20 a 59 anos de idade. CONCLUSÃO: Constatou-se tendência decrescente, fazendo-se ainda necessário reforçar as medidas que aumentem a capacidade de atendimento e cobertura dos serviços de saúde e de registro de dados para dar continuidade na redução observada.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the trends of mortality from symptoms, signs and ill-defined causes (SSIDC) in the Northeast region of Brazil, during the period of 1979- 2009. METHODS: The study used secondary data provided by the Mortality Information System SIM/Datasus/Ministry of Health. RESULTS: There was a reduction in the proportion of this type of death (y = -1.3751x + 55.953 R² = 0.9035), from 45.7% in 1979 to 8.1% in 2009, as well as according to sex: males (y = -1.3716x + 54.559 R² = 0.9197) and females (y = -1.3828x + 57.932 R² = 0.8771). The proportion of deaths due to ill-defined causes showed a decreasing tendency in all age groups. The highest reduction was observed in the upper and lower age ranges, < 1 and 1 to 4 year and elderly group, namely 60 years old and older. Capitals and countryside also showed a decreasing tendency in proportional mortality due to IDC, (y = -0.1118x + 9.4275 R² = 0.3087) and (y = -1.7908x + 71.178 R² = 0.9151) respectively, but with different temporal patterns. The capital cities had the lower rates since the beginning of the series regardless of the age groups, but the great reduction in rates was observed in the countryside, being 7.1 times higher among adults (20 to 59 years old). CONCLUSION: Decreased trends were observed, but it is necessary to reinforce the actions to improve the capacity of health service assistance and coverage and data registration in order to maintain this trend.